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Methods for Integrating Dynamic Requirements and Emerging Technologies

Abstract

Engineering involves designing solutions to meet the needs of markets or missions. Organizations would like to have the flexibility and agility to address both uncertain needs and uncertain technologies for meeting these needs. This chapter presents and illustrates a decision framework that enables flexibility and agility, and provides guidance on when to pursue optimal, highly integrated solutions, and when to hedge investments. We consider how uncertainties arise, contrasting the automotive and defense domains. We propose an approach to managing uncertainties. We consider how to represent alternative solutions and project the value of each alternative, including how market or mission requirements can be translated into system requirements. A detailed case study focuses on designing a portfolio of autonomous vehicle platforms for enhancing the mobility of disabled and older adults.


Leads

William B. Rouse

Georgetown University

Dinesh Verma

Stevens Institute Of Technology

Publications

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  8. Deshmukh , A. , Wortman , M. , Boehm , B. , et al. ( 2010 ). Valuing flexibility . Proceedings of the 2nd Annual SERC Research Review Conference , College Park, MD (9–10 November). Hoboken, NJ : Stevens Institute of Technology .

  9. Duckmanton , D. ( 2019 ). Why UX and UI should remain separate . UX Collective (uxdesign.cc), 21 February.

  10. Eppinger , S.D. and Browning , T.R. ( 2012 ). Design Structure Matrix Methods and Applications . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .

  11. Feickert , A. ( 2009 ). The Marines Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV): Background and Issues for Congress . Congressional Research Service , DTIC Accession Number: ADA498364 (3 August).

  12. Ferreira , S. , Collofello , J. , Shunk , D. , and Mackulak , G. ( 2009 ). Understanding the effects of requirements volatility in software engineering by using analytical modeling and software process simulation . Journal of Systems and Software 82 ( 10 ): 1568 – 1577 .

  13. Hanawalt , E.S. and Rouse , W.B. ( 2010 ). Car wars: factors underlying the success or failure of new car programs . Journal of Systems Engineering 13 ( 4 ): 389 – 404 .

  14. Hanawalt , E.S. and Rouse , W.B. ( 2017 ). Assessing location attractiveness for manufacturing automobiles . Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 10 ( 3 ): 73 – 89 .

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  17. Laris , M. ( 2020 ). Downsides of self-driving cars could swamp benefits if DC region fails to act, study says . The Washington Post (17 April).

  18. Liu , C. , Rouse , W.B. , and Yu , X. ( 2015 ). When transformation fails: twelve case studies in the automobile industry . Journal of Enterprise Transformation 5 ( 2 ): 71 – 112 .

  19. Liu , C. , Rouse , W.B. , and Hanawalt , E. ( 2018 ). Adoption of powertrain technologies in automobiles: a system dynamics model of technology diffusion in the American market . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 67 ( 7 ): 5621 – 5634 .

  20. Liu , C. , Rouse , W.B. , and Belanger , D. ( 2020 ). Understanding risks and opportunities of autonomous vehicle technology adoption through systems dynamic scenario modeling – the American insurance industry . IEEE Systems Journal 14 ( 1 ): 1365 – 1374 .

  21. Lucero , D.S. ( 2018 ). The mash-up rubric: strategies for integrating emerging technologies to address dynamic requirements . Proceedings of 28th Annual INCOSE International Symposium , Washington, DC (11 July). San Diego, CA : International Council of Systems Engineers .

  22. Mattis , J. ( 2019 ). Interview , Meet the Press (13 October).

  23. Mellody , M. ( 2014 ). Can Earth's and Society's Systems Meet the Needs of 10 Billion People? Summary of a Workshop . Washington, DC : National Academies Press .

  24. Mikaelian , T. , Rhodes , D.H. , Nightingale , D.J. , and Hastings , D.E. ( 2012 ). A logical approach to real options identification with application to UAV systems . IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A: Systems and Humans 42 ( 1 ): 32 – 47 .

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  26. Myers , S.L. ( 2001 ). Pentagon panel urges scuttling howitzer system . New York Times (23 April). Section A, p. 1 .

  27. Pennock , M.J. and Rouse , W.B. ( 2016 ). The epistemology of enterprises . Journal of Systems Engineering 19 ( 1 ): 24 – 43 .

  28. Ross , A.M. and Rhodes , D.H. ( 2008 ). Using natural value-centric time scales for conceptualizing system timelines through Epoch-Era Analysis . Proceedings of INCOSE International Symposium 18 ( 1 ): 1186 – 1201 .

  29. Rouse , W.B. ( 1991 ). Design for Success: A Human-Centered Approach to Designing Successful Products and Systems . New York : Wiley .

  30. Rouse , W.B. ( 1992 ). Strategies for Innovation: Creating Successful Products, Systems, and Organizations . New York : Wiley .

  31. Rouse , W.B. ( 1993 ). Catalysts for Change: Concepts and Principles for Enabling Innovation . New York : Wiley .

  32. Rouse , W.B. ( 1998 ). Don't Jump to Solutions: Thirteen Delusions that Undermine Strategic Thinking . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .

  33. Rouse , W.B. ( 2005 ). A theory of enterprise transformation . Journal of Systems Engineering 8 ( 4 ): 279 – 295 .

  34. Rouse , W.B. ( 2007 ). People and Organizations: Explorations of Human-Centered Design . New York : Wiley .

  35. Rouse , W.B. ( 2010 ). Options for surveillance and reconnaissance . In: The Economics of Human Systems Integration (Chapter 15) (ed. W.B. Rouse ). New York : Wiley .

  36. Rouse , W.B. ( 2014 ). Human interaction with policy flight simulators . Journal of Applied Ergonomics 45 ( 1 ): 72 – 77 .

  37. Rouse , W.B. ( 2015 ). Modeling and Visualization of Complex Systems and Enterprises: Explorations of Physical, Human, Economic, and Social Phenomena . New York : Wiley .

  38. Rouse , W.B. ( 2019 ). Computing Possible Futures: Model Based Explorations of “What if?” . Oxford : Oxford University Press .

  39. Rouse , W.B. ( 2021 ). Failure Management: Malfunctions of Technologies, Organizations, and Society . Oxford : Oxford University Press .

  40. Rouse , W.B. ( 2022 ). Designing policy portfolios . In: Transforming Public-Private Enterprises: Understanding and Enabling Innovation in Complex Systems . Oxford : Oxford University Press .

  41. Rouse , W.B. and Boff , K.R. ( 2004 ). Value-centered R&D organizations: ten principles for characterizing, assessing & managing value . Journal of Systems Engineering 7 ( 2 ): 167 – 185 .

  42. Rouse , W.B. and McBride , D.K. ( 2019 ). A systems approach to assistive technologies for disabled and older adults . The Bridge 49 ( 1 ): 32 – 38 .

  43. Rouse , W.B. , Howard , C.W. , Carns , W.E. , and Prendergast , E.J. ( 2000 ). Technology investment advisor: an options-based approach to technology strategy . Information-Knowledge-Systems Management 2 ( 1 ): 63 – 81 .

  44. Rouse , W.B. , Verma , D. , Lucero , D.S. , and Hanawalt , E.S. ( 2021 ). Strategies for addressing uncertain markets and uncertain technologies . Proceedings of Annual Acquisition Research Symposium , Naval Postgraduate School (11–13 May). Monterrey, CA : Naval Postgraduate School .

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  46. Silver , M.R. and De Weck , O.L. ( 2007 ). Time-expanded decision networks: a framework for designing evolvable complex systems . Journal of Systems Engineering 10 ( 2 ): 167 – 188 .

  47. Singer , D. , Strickland , J. , Doerry , N. et al. ( 2017 ). Set-Based Design , 7 – 12 . Alexandria, VA : Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Technical and Research Bulletin .

  48. Sobek , D.K. , Ward , A.C. , and Lifer , J.K. ( 1999 ). Toyota's principles of set-based concurrent engineering . Sloan Management Review 40 ( 2 ): 67 – 83 .

  49. Yu , X. , Rouse , W.B. , and Serban , N. ( 2011 ). A computational theory of enterprise transformation . Journal of Systems Engineering 14 ( 4 ): 441 – 454 .

  50. Yu , Z. , Rouse , W.B. , Serban , N. , and Veral , E. ( 2016 ). A data-rich agent-based decision support model for hospital consolidation . Journal of Enterprise Transformation 6 ( 3/4 ): 136 – 161 .

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The Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC) was established in the Fall of 2008 as a government-designated University Affiliated Research Center (UARC). The SERC has produced 15 years of research, focused on an updated systems engineering toolkit (methods, tools, and practices) for the complex cyber-physical systems of today and tomorrow.


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